EXPLORING THE FEELINGS OF STUDENT VICTIMS OF BULLYING AND PERPETRATORS OF BULLYING AT MIDDLE SCHOOL
Main Article Content
Ika Candra Destiyanti
Bullying is an act of physical and psychological violence by perpetrators towards victims of bullying. The tendency of bullies is that they have had a history of violence in the past. This study uses a narrative qualitative methodology with semi-structured interviews with victims and perpetrators of bullying at school. The results of this study are that awareness of bullying as an act of violence is a strong basis for perpetrators not to bully repeatedly. Parents' occupation and income do not have a dominant impact on child violence at school because anyone can potentially become a bully or a victim of bullying at school. The conditions and situation of children at school who do not have the ability to solve problems is an important factor in them becoming perpetrators or victims of bullying. This research provides insights for observers of children and adolescents to be more concerned about their problems of bullying and for teachers to communicate a lot to students who experience bullying and bullies before deciding on punishment.
Borgwald, K. and Theixos, H. 2013. Oppressing the oppressor: Why a zero-tolerance policy scores fail. Social Influence, 8: 149–160
Chester KL, Callaghan M, Cosma A, Donnelly P, Craig W, Walsh S, Molcho M. Cross-national time trends in bullying victimization in 33 countries among children aged 11, 13 and 15 from 2002 to 2010. Eur J Public Health. 2015 Apr;25 Suppl 2:61-4. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv029. PMID: 25805790.
Dorothy L. Espelage & Susan M. Swearer (2003) Research on School Bullying and Victimization: What Have We Learned and Where Do We Go From Here?, School Psychology Review, 32:3, 365-383, DOI: 10.1080/02796015.2003.12086206
Dorothy L. Espelage PhD & Melissa K. Holt MA (2001) Bullying and Victimization During Early Adolescence, Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2:2-3, 123-142, DOI: 10.1300/J135v02n02_08
Dupper, D. R. (2013). School bullying: New perspectives on a growing problem. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Espelage, DL and Holt, MK 2001. Bullying and victimization during early adolescence: Effects of peers and psychosocial relationships. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2: 123–142.
Espelage, DL and Swearer, SM 2003. Research on bullying and victimization in schools: What have we learned and where do we go from here? School Psychology Review, 32: 365–383.
Gamian-Wilk, M. 2013. Does bullying increase compliance? Social Influence, 8: 131–148.
Hargreaves, Andy. (2001). Emotional Geographies of Teaching. Teachers College Record - TEACH COLL REC. 103. 1056-1080. 10.1111/0161-4681.00142.
Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel, P., Crump, A. D., Saylor, K., Yu, K., & Simons-Morton, B. (2001). Bullies, Victims, and Bully/Victims:: Distinct Groups of At-Risk Youth. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 21(1), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431601021001002
Heerde, J. A., & Hemphill, S. A. (2019). Are bullying perpetration and victimiza tion associated with adolescent deliberate self-harm? A meta-analysis. Archives of Suicide Research, 23(3), 353–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2018. 1472690
Hoffman, C. Y., Phillips, M. D., Daigle, L. E., & Turner, M. G. (2017). Adult Consequences of Bully Victimization: Are Children or Adolescents More Vulnerable to the Victimization Experience? Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 15(4), 441–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204016650004
Ida Frugård Strøm, Siri Thoresen, Tore Wentzel-Larsen, Grete Dyb,Violence, bullying and academic achievement: A study of 15-year-old adolescents and their school environment,Child Abuse & Neglect,Volume 37, Issue 4,2013,Pages 243-251,ISSN 0145-2134,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.10.010
Jessica A. Heerde & Sheryl A. Hemphill (2019) Are Bullying Perpetration and Victimization Associated with Adolescent Deliberate Self-Harm? A Meta-Analysis, Archives of Suicide Research, 23:3, 353-381, DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2018.1472690
John A. Rønning, Bjørn H. Handegaard, Andre Sourander,Self-perceived peer harassment in a community sample of Norwegian school children,Child Abuse & Neglect,Volume 28, Issue 10, 2004, Pages 1067-1079,ISSN 0145-2134,
Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, et al. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 2017. MMWR Surveill Summ 2018;67(No. SS-8):1–114. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6708a1external icon
Kochenderfer, B. J., & Ladd, G. W. (1996). Peer victimization: Manifestations and relations to school adjustment in kindergarten. Journal of School Psychology, 34(3), 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4405(96)00015-5
Merrell, K. W., Gueldner, B. A., Ross, S. W., & Isava, D. M. (2008). How effective are school bullying intervention programs? A meta-analysis of intervention research. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(1), 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/1045-3830.23.1.26
Musu-Gillette, L., Zhang, A., Wang, K., Zhang, J., and Oudekerk, B.A. (2017). Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2016 (NCES 2017-064/NCJ 250650). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, DC.
Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. JAMA, 285(16), 2094–2100. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.16.2094
Nakamoto, J., & Schwartz, D. (2011). Is Peer Victimization Associated with Academic Achievement? A Meta-analytic Review. Social Development, 19(2), 221–242. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00539.x
Olweus, D. Bully/victim problems in school. Prospects 26, 331–359 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02195509
Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys. Hemisphere.
OECD (2020), PISA 2018 Results (Volume VI): Are Students Ready to Thrive in an Interconnected World?, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/d5f68679-en
Qodar, N. (2015). Survei ICRW: 84% Anak Indonesia Alami Kekerasan di Sekolah. Retrieved 8 Januari 2017, from liputa6.com: http://news.liputan6.com/read/2191106/survei-icrw-84-anak-indonesiaalami-kekerasan-di-sekolah
Thornberg, R., Knutsen, S. Teenagers’ Explanations of Bullying. Child Youth Care Forum 40, 177–192 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-010-9129-z
Espelage, DL and Swearer, SM 2003. Research on bullying and victimization in schools: What have we learned and where do we go from here? School Psychology Review, 32: 365–383.
Gamian-Wilk, M. 2013. Does bullying increase compliance? Social Influence, 8: 131–148.
Graham, S., Bellmore, AD and Mize, J. 2006. Peer victimization, aggression, and their co-occurrence in high school: Paths to adjustment problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34: 363-378.
Hansen, T., Steenberg, L., Palic, S. and Elklit, A. 2012. Overview of psychological factors associated with bullying victimization in schools. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17: 383–387
Haynie, DL, Nansel, T., Eitel, P., Crump, AD, Saylor, K., Yu, K. and Simons-Morton, B. 2001. Bullies, victims, and bullies / victims: Different groups in - the risk of staying young. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21: 29–49
Jordan, K. and Austin, J. 2012. A review of the literature on bullying in US schools and how parent-educator partnerships can be an effective way of dealing with bullying. Journal of Aggression, Persecution, & Trauma, 21: 440–458.
Leadbeater, B. 2010. Can we take a look? Can we stop it? Lessons learned from university-community research collaborations on relational aggression. School Psychology Review, 39: 588–593.
Lester, L., Cross, D., Dooley, J. and Shaw, T. 2013. Developmental trajectories of adolescent victimization: Predictors and outcomes. Social Influence, 8: 107–130.
Merrell, KW, Gueldner, BA, Ross, SW and Isava, DM 2008. How effective are school bullying intervention programs? A meta-analysis of intervention research. School Psychology Quarterly, 23: 26–42.
Nail, PR, Bihm, EM and Simon, JB in press. "Is schoolyard bullying driven by a defensive personality?" In Proceedings of the 5th annual international conference on psychology, Edited by: Patelis, T. Athena, Greece: Athens Institute for Education and Research.
Nansel, TR, Overpeck, M., Pilla, RS, Ruan, WJ, Simons-Morton, B. and Scheidt, P. 2001. Bullying behavior among US adolescents: Prevalence and associations with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285: 2094–2100.
National Center for the Promotion of Mental Health and Prevention of Youth Violence (2011). State suppression prevention laws. Retrieved from http://www.promoteprevent.org/publications/prevention-briefs/bullying-prevention-state-laws
Olweus, D. 1993. Bullying in schools, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Pellegrini, AD, Bartini, M. and Brooks, F. 1999. School bullies, victims, and aggressive victims: Factors related to group affiliation and victimization in early adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology,
Pozzoli, T. and Gini, G. 2013. Similarity of friends in attitudes towards bullying and a sense of responsibility for intervening. Social Influence, 8: 161–176. Rigby, K. (2002). A meta-evaluation of methods and approaches to reduce bullying in pre-school and in early primary schools in Australia. Retrieved from http://www.kenrigby.net/meta.pdf
Salmivalli, C. 2010. Bullying and peer groups: an overview. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15: 112–120.
Salmivalli, C., Kaukiainen, A., Kaistaniemi, L. and Lagerspetz, K. 1999. Evaluated self-esteem, peer-evaluated self-esteem, and defensive egoism as predictors of youth participation in bullying situations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25: 1268–1278.
Storch, E. A., & Ledley, D. R. (2005). Peer victimization and psychosocial adjust ment in children: Current knowledge and future directions. Clinical Pediatrics, 44(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/000992280504400103
Strøm, I. F., Thoresen, S., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Dyb, G. (2013). Violence, bullying and academic achievement: A study of 15-year-old adolescents and their school environment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(4), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chiabu.2012.10.010
Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., Finkelhor, D., & Hamby, S. (2017). Effects of poly victimization on adolescent social support, self-concept, and psychologi cal distress. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(5), 755–780. https://doi. org/10.1177/0886260515586376
Thornberg, R., & Knutsen, S. (2011). Teenagers’ explanations of bullying. Child & Youth Care Forum, 40(3), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-010-9129-z
